Il 27 luglio scorso sono stati estratti dai ghiacci della Groenlandia 2 chilometri e mezzo di carote di ghiaccio, sette volte la Tour Eiffel, 17 tonnellate di peso in totale che permetteranno ai climatologi di ricostruire la storia climatica del periodo Eemiano (i 150.000 anni compresi tra le ultime due glaciazioni).
Questa l’impresa compiuta da tecnici, glaciologi, paleoclimatologi di Neem (North Greenland Emian Ice Drilling), progetto internazionale che ha coinvolto 14 Paesi tra cui USA, Belgio, Germania, Svizzera, Svezia, Corea del Sud e Gran Bretagna, diretto dalla ricercatrice danese Dhal Jensen, svoltosi in 3 campagne dal 2008 al 2010 e finalmente concluso il 27 luglio scorso carotando l’intero spessore del carapace di ghiaccio che ricopre la Groenlandia.
Il campo di Neem si trova a 1400 Km dal Polo Nord, nella zona Nord Ovest della Groenlandia, a 2 ore e mezzo di volo da Kangerlussuaq, piccolo paese di 550 abitanti e consta di un villaggio di tende che si coordinano attorno al centro direzionale, situato nel Main Dome dove vi sono i laboratori degli scienziati dai quali la trivella per il carotaggio affonda nel ghiaccio. Qui hanno lavorato 300 tra tecnici, climatologi, paleoclimatologi, genetisti e botanici e studenti di 14 nazioni.
Le analisi stanno dando i loro primi risultati. Si è definito l’archivio climatico completo dell’Eemiano, che tanto interessa i climatologi perché molto simile climaticamente alla nostra epoca climatica, anche se leggermente più caldo. Durante l’Eemiano si avevano, a causa di diversi parametri orbitali del pianeta, +5 gradi in Groenlandia e altrove +1,+2 rispetto alle temperature odierne, ed il livello del mare era più alto di 5-7 metri.
Decifrando gli archivi climatici scritti nel ghiaccio di Neem si possono mettere a a punto modelli matematici più precisi per studiare le variazioni attuali del clima e prevedere gli scenari climatici futuri. Le prime analisi sono state svolte già in situ, prima che il ghiaccio si alterasse. Dall’analisi degli isotopi dell’idrogeno delle molecole di acqua si è risaliti alle temperature ambientali che si avevano al momento di caduta dei fiocchi di neve e dalle bolle di aria intrappolate nei ghiacci alla costituzione dell’atmosfera (concentrazioni di CO2, azoto ad altri gas).
Il maggiore successo dell’operazione sta nel prelievo del sedimento di suolo che si è estratto con l’ultima carota di ghiaccio. Da tale sedimento, attraverso l’analisi dei 
pollini, dei batteri, delle tracce di DNA animale e vegetale, gli scienziati potranno ricostruire importanti informazioni sull’ecosistema che durante l’Eemiano si era sviluppato in Groenlandia, oltre che sul clima. Dai risultati di alcune campagne di estrazione di precedenti progetti si era rilevato che laddove oggi si ha la solo tundra, vi erano foreste di pini, abeti ed ontani popolati da farfalle, scarafaggi, ragni e falene. Progenitori di elefanti ed ippopotami sguazzavano nelle acque del Reno e del Tamigi, il ghiaccio di Neem potrà dirci ancora molto sull’ecosistema dell’Eemiano.
L’Italia, che dal 1990 partecipa a tutti i progetti più importanti di perforazione per la comprensione e la ricostruzione del clima planetario, per la mancanza di fondi e per la scarsa sensibilità della politica è rimasta tagliata fuori da Neem, afferma con rammarico Walter Maggi (università Bicocca di Milano) e non potrà partecipare dell’orgoglio delle sensazionali scoperte che ci si attende di fare dalla lettura dei segreti scritti nei ghiacci.
[Fonte: lescienze.it, settegreen.it]
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