Nell’anno della biodiversità, l’analisi globale del rischio di estinzione per le piante del mondo, condotta dal Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, il Natural History Museum di Londra e l’Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN), ha rivelato che le piante del mondo sono in via di estinzione come i mammiferi, e forse anche peggio.
Pare infatti che una pianta su cinque rischi di scomparire per sempre. Lo studio è un punto di riferimento importante per la conservazione delle piante ed è la prima volta che la minaccia concreta viene stimata sulle 380 mila specie di piante note. I risultati saranno presentati ai governi che si riuniranno a Nagoya, in Giappone, a metà ottobre per stabilire nuovi obiettivi nel vertice delle Nazioni Unite sulla biodiversità.
Gli scienziati hanno effettuato delle valutazioni su campioni delle specie presenti nella Lista Rossa, raccogliendo informazioni botaniche su circa otto milioni di vegetali ed esemplari fungini conservati al Kew Herbarium; confrontandoli con i dati del Museo di Storia Naturale (6 milioni di esemplari) e i dati digitali provenienti da altre fonti di tutto il mondo.
Il direttore del Royal Botanic Gardens, il professor Stephen Hopper, ha affermato:
Questo studio conferma quanto già sospettato, che le piante sono in pericolo e la causa principale è la perdita di habitat indotta dagli umani. Per la prima volta abbiamo una chiara immagine globale del rischio di estinzione per le piante del mondo conosciute. Questo rapporto mostra le minacce più urgenti e le regioni più minacciate. Al fine di rispondere a domande cruciali come la velocità con cui stiamo perdendo le specie e perché, e quello che possiamo fare a questo proposito, abbiamo bisogno di stabilire una base in modo che abbiamo qualcosa su cui misurare il cambiamento. L’indice dell’elenco della Lista Rossa per le piante fa esattamente questo, valutando un ampio campione di specie di piante che sono collettivamente rappresentative di tutte le piante mondiali.
A Nagoya saranno discussi gli obiettivi sulla biodiversità al 2020, considerati ambiziosi, ma che sono stati trascurati per troppo tempo.
Non possiamo stare a guardare le specie vegetali che spariscono. Le piante sono la base di tutta la vita sulla Terra, forniscono aria pulita, acqua, cibo e carburante. Tutta la vita degli animali e uccelli dipende da loro, e così anche noi. Avere gli strumenti e le conoscenze per invertire questa perdita di biodiversità è oggi più che mai importante, e l’indice della Lista Rossa delle piante dà agli ambientalisti e agli scienziati uno di questi strumenti.
Ecco cosa lo studio ha rivelato:
- Circa un terzo delle specie (33%) del campione non sono sufficientemente note per effettuare una valutazione sulla conservazione.
- Delle quasi 4.000 specie che sono state attentamente valutate, oltre un quinto (22%) sono classificate come minacciate.
- Tra le piante più minacciate, le più a rischio sono le gimnosperme (come le conifere e cicadee), quelle il cui habitat è più minacciato come la foresta pluviale tropicale e la maggior parte delle specie vegetali dei tropici.
- Il processo più minaccioso è la perdita di habitat causata dall’uomo, in gran parte per la conversione degli habitat naturali per uso agricolo o per allevamento.
Settemila specie di piante provenienti da cinque grandi gruppi sono state incluse nello studio: briofite (muschi ed epatiche), Pteridofite (piante terrestri, come le felci, che non producono né fiori né semi e si riproducono tramite spore), gimnosperme (come conifere e cicadee), monocotiledoni (uno dei principali gruppi di piante da fiore tra cui le orchidee e le palme) e legumi (piselli e la famiglia dei fagioli), come rappresentante delle altre piante da fiore. Tutte le specie, comuni o rare che fossero, sono state valutate al fine di dare un quadro preciso del loro andamento nel mondo. Si tratta sempre della valutazione a campione dato che si stima che le specie di piante in tutto il mondo siano molte di più (almeno 380 mila), ma la tecnica, utilizzata anche per gli uccelli, i mammiferi e gli anfibi, è attualmente la più affidabile possibile quando si parla di numeri così ampi.
[Fonte: Sciencedaily]
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