Inquinamento luminoso
L’inquinamento luminoso è un’alterazione dei livelli di luce notturni normalmente presenti nell’ambiente. La principale definizione legislativa riporta il fenomeno come
ogni irradiazione di luce diretta al di fuori delle aree a cui essa è funzionalmente dedicata, ed in particolare verso la volta celeste”.
L’alterazione dei livelli di luce nell’ambiente notturno provoca danni di diversa natura e gravità proporzionale alla quantità ed all’intensità dell’illuminazione notturna. Gravissimi sono i danni ambientali che l’inquinamento luminoso provoca ma ad essi si aggiungono anche gravi danni economici e culturali.
Tra i danni all’ecosistema si citano:
- la difficoltà degli animali: uccelli migratori, tartarughe marine, falene ad orientarsi (un caso molto studiato riguarda la popolazione di gabbiani che ruota tutta la notte attorno al cielo fulgido sul Vittoriano di Roma)
- l’ alterazione nella risposta fotoperiodica delle piante (le piante regolano la fioritura ed altre fasi fenologiche in base al rapporto tra ore di luce e di buio, rapporto che indica chiaramente quando sopravviene la primavere con certezza molto maggiore di quanto non indichino le temperature).
- l’alterazione dei ritmi circadiani nelle piante e negli animali (tra cui vi è anche l’uomo il quale organismo blocca la produzione di melatonina già con bassissimi livelli di luce).
Anche i danni culturali sono ingenti: tra essi il più spaventoso e tangibile è la sparizione del cielo stellato, fonte di ispirazione per filosofi, navigatori, poeti, civiltà di astronomi come Maya ed Egiziani . Il cielo stellato che è stato inesauribile fonte di ispirazione per religione, filosofia, scienza e cultura nelle città è scomparso. Gli osservatori astronomici sono stati esiliati dai centri urbani dove l’efficienza dei telescopi ottici viene fortemente limitata dall’aura luminosa della città.
Il principale danno economico consta semplicemente nello spreco di energia elettrica che si impiega per illuminare inutilmente alcune zone che non lo richiederebbero, prime fra tutte la volta celeste, le facciate degli edifici privati. Uno dei principali argomenti della lotta all’inquinamento luminoso è, infatti, proprio quello del risparmio energetico.
La prevenzione dell’inquinamento luminoso non è ancora regolamentata da una legge nazionale: malgrado il problema sia stato più volte portato all’attenzione del Parlamento, non è stato mai discusso in aula. Le singole regioni e la provincia autonoma di Trento hanno sopperito al vuoto legislativo promulgando testi normativi.
Fonti: [Wikipedia.org,cielobuio.org]
Per approfondire:
- Inquinamento luminoso, “Spegnete quelle luci!” gridarono gli uccelli
- L’inquinamento alla base dell’omosessualità degli uccelli …
- Emissioni per illuminazione notturna, Londra corre ai ripari
- International Dark-Sky Association
- CieloBuio – coordinamento per la protezione del cielo notturno
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