Inquinamento e CO2: battaglia agli altri gas serra

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Il riscaldamento globale è un fenomeno dovuto ad una gran quantità di gas che contribuiscono, tutti insieme, a riscaldare la Terra a livelli superiori al normale. Ma se, come detto, i gas sono tanti, perché ci stiamo concentrando sempre e solo sulla CO2? Parte da questa domanda uno studio pubblicato su Nature di un gruppo di analisti del Noaa che avverte il mondo scientifico e industriale che non bisogna concentrarsi solo su questo gas visto che gli altri contribuiscono al 35-45% del riscaldamento.

L’impegno sull’anidride carbonica è stato così serrato in quanto è il gas serra tra i più comuni nell’aria, e tra i più facilmente individuabili visto che, almeno per una grossa fetta, deriva dalle attività umane (gas di scarico, deforestazione, ecc.). Ma non dimentichiamo che esistono tantissimi gas che, seppur presenti in quantità minori, possono comportare un effetto serra anche maggiore della CO2. Il metano (CH4), l’ossido di diazoto (N2O), l’esafluoruro di zolfo (SF6), gli idrofluorocarburi (HFCs) ed i perfluorocarburi (PFCs) sono presenti in quantità di gran lunga minori nell’atmosfera, ma hanno un impatto maggiore dell’anidride carbonica, ed in larga parte possono essere controllati più agevolmente.

L’ossido di azoto, ad esempio, è stato abbattuto da quando è stata introdotta una regolamentazione mondiale sulle bombolette spray, ma è ancora molto presente nell’atmosfera; il metano invece si è scoperto che, per la maggior parte, viene emesso dalle discariche. Dunque un’attenzione maggiore allo smaltimento dei rifiuti potrebbe ridurre questo che, attualmente, rappresenta l’8% del totale dei gas serra.

È chiaro che il cambiamento climatico recente è principalmente dovuto all’anidride carbonica emessa dall’impiego dei combustibili fossili, e sappiamo anche che questo sarà un problema a lungo termine perché si tratta di un gas molto persistente nell’atmosfera. Ma ridurre l’emissione di altri gas serra contribuirebbe già a un miglioramento dell’atmosfera, in tempi molto brevi

ha dichiarato Stephan Montzka, uno dei ricercatori della agenzia oceanica e atmosferica americana (Noaa). Se infatti, come specifica Montzka, il metano ha origine sia naturale che umana, almeno le emissioni di cui siamo responsabili noi dovrebbero essere regolamentate, visto che già oggi sono al livello massimo degli ultimi 800 mila anni, e se non facciamo qualcosa, potrebbero crescere in futuro. Per questo, conclude il ricercatore,

un drastico taglio delle emissioni degli altri gas è possibile a costi ragionevoli, grazie alle tecnologie attualmente disponibili e ciò faciliterebbe le future azioni di mitigazione.

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