In questo periodo in cui si parla sempre più insistentemente di auto ecologiche, da quelle elettriche alle ibride, spesso ci dimentichiamo che esiste un’automobile che al momento è la più venduta tra le auto verdi: quella a metano. Tra tutti i tipi di carburante per auto infatti, il metano è quello che produce meno anidride carbonica in assoluto, circa il 60% in meno rispetto alle auto a benzina, il 40-60% di ossidi di azoto e 70% di idrocarburi composti; il gpl emette tra il 50 ed il 60% in meno; il diesel il 10-20%.
E’ più ecologico sin da quando “nasce”, in quanto mentre il gpl (gas di petrolio liquefatto) ha un processo di estrazione particolare e molto inquinante, il metano è un gas naturale che farebbe più danni se venisse liberato nell’atmosfera (è 200 volte più potente dell’anidride carbonica) che se immesso nelle bombole per il consumo domestico. Inoltre non emette polveri sottili (Pm10), e dunque, a differenza delle auto a benzina, può circolare anche nelle giornate di blocco del traffico.
Altri vantaggi sono prettamente economici, e riguardano il costo al distributore, che per il metano e il gpl è circa la metà rispetto alla benzina, ed il consumo, dato che con un auto a gas si percorre circa il 60% di strada in più della benzina. Ma come qualsiasi cosa, ci sono anche degli svantaggi.
Il più ovvio è che la rete di distributori di gas metano è di gran lunga più ridotta rispetto ai distributori di benzina/diesel. Mentre le stazioni di rifornimento classiche ormai si trovano ad ogni angolo di strada, secondo gli ultimi dati nel nostro Paese i distributori di metano sono poco più di 700, mentre sono circa il triplo quelli del Gpl. Anche per questo, le auto a gas sono concentrate maggiormente al Nord, dove sono più presenti i distributori, mentre al Sud e nelle isole, essendo quasi inesistenti, queste auto sono meno comuni degli animali in via d’estinzione. Per esempio in Sardegna non esiste nemmeno un distributore di metano, in Val d’Aosta uno solo ed in molte altre regioni italiane ce ne sono solo 3 o 4. Nonostante ciò, l’Italia è tra i Paesi che hanno più auto a metano al mondo, ed il primo in Europa. Se ne stimano circa 580 mila, su 1,3 milioni nel Continente.
Uno svantaggio che non piace agli amanti delle auto sportive è la minore resa del motore a gas. Anche se negli ultimi anni le distanze si sono ridotte, le prestazioni del metano sono ancora del 10% inferiori rispetto alla benzina. Poi c’è l’ingombro delle bombole di metano, le quali occupando molto spazio limitano la grandezza del bagagliaio dell’automobile; il rifornimento non può essere fatto in self service, ma solo da un addetto della stazione, anche se in alcuni Paesi si può fare. Non è vero che le auto a gas non possono essere posteggiate nei parcheggi sotterranei. Per quanto riguarda il metano, non ci sono limitazioni perché la pressione sulle bombole non è molto alta; per il Gpl si può raggiungere fino al primo piano sottoterra.
Ed infine, il capitolo più interessante: i costi. Un’auto con un impianto a gas ha un costo superiore della classica a benzina, ma è più alto anche l’impianto diesel. E’ possibile convertire la propria auto a benzina in Gpl per un costo che va dagli 800 ai 1.800 euro, a seconda della tipologia di carburatore; o a metano dai 1.400 ai 2.400 euro. Per questo però c’è un interessante incentivo statale che può essere 1.500/2.000 euro per l’acquisto di un’auto nuova a metano o Gpl, fino a 3.500 euro per gli impianti più efficienti; un bonus per la rottamazione di 3.000/3.500 euro; dai 350 ai 650 euro per la conversione al gas, a seconda che l’auto sia Euro 0-1-2 o 3.
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