L’acidificazione degli oceani potrebbe causare un declino su scala globale dei molluschi. A supporlo un recente studio effettuato da due scienzati della Stony Brook University, pubblicato sulla rivista di divulgazione scientifica Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS.
Stando a quanto affermano i due studiosi, a causa dei livelli crescenti di anidride carbonica (CO2), potrebbe verificarsi una diminuzione globale di vongole, capesante e altri frutti di mare, andando ad interferire con lo sviluppo delle larve dei crostacei.
Il professor Christopher J. Gobler e Stefano C. Talmage della School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences della Stony Brook hanno condotto degli esperimenti per valutare l’impatto, presente, passato, e futuro, dell’acidificazione degli oceani sulle larve di due crostacei: il mollusco duro (Quahog del Nord), e il canestrello dell’Atlantico. La capacità di entrambi di produrre gusci dipende in parte dal pH delle acque oceaniche. Studi precedenti hanno mostrato che gli incrementi nei livelli di CO2 nell’atmosfera possono abbassare il livello di pH degli oceani, rendendolo più acido.
“In generale, lo studio dell’impatto dell’acidificazione dell’oceano sugli animali marini è un campo relativamente nuovo. L’acidificazione degli oceani è in corso fin dagli albori della rivoluzione industriale, ma il processo viene studiato da meno di un decennio,” spiega Gobler “Si parla da anni di un aumento dei livelli di CO2, ma per molto tempo si è creduto erroneamente che gli oceani sarebbero stati in grado di mantenere il loro pH pur assorbendo CO2”.
Per Gobler, il più grande contributore di CO2 in atmosfera poi assorbita dagli oceani è la combustione di combustibili fossili.
Mentre studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che i crostacei sono sensibili agli aumenti di CO2 previsti per il futuro, l’impatto dell’aumento della CO2 che si è verificato fin dagli albori della rivoluzione industriale è poco conosciuto,
I ricercatori hanno riferito che le larve cresciute a concentrazioni di CO2 dell’era pre-industriale di circa 250 ppm avevano tassi di sopravvivenza più elevati, crescevano più rapidamente ed avevano gusci più spessi e robusti di quelli cresciuti alla concentrazione moderna di circa 390 ppm. Inoltre, le larve che sono state coltivate alle concentrazioni previste di CO2, che si verificheranno entro questo secolo, hanno sviluppato conchiglie malformate ed erose.
La CO2 che entra nell’oceano diminuisce la disponibilità di ioni di carbonato (CO3-2) e riduce il pH marino, un processo noto come acidificazione degli oceani. Questi cambiamenti nella chimica dell’oceano possono avere conseguenze disastrose per gli animali marini che producono parti dure a base di carbonato di calcio (CaCO3).
Altri organismi che utilizzano la calcificazione e che risentono dell’acidificazione degli oceani sono i coccolitoforidi, le barriere coralline, le alghe coralline, gli echinodermi, i foraminiferi e i pteropodi.
Insieme con l’aumento delle temperature globali, l’inquinamento e le fioriture di alghe, l’acidificazione degli oceani può avere un impatto devastante sulle popolazioni di molluschi. Si stanno compiendo molti sforzi in questo momento per riportare i frutti di mare a New York ed in tutto il mondo, ma questo studio dimostra che potrebbe essere più difficile del previsto. Mentre alcune minacce quali il sovrasfruttamento possono essere affrontate attraverso i limiti sulle licenze e le zone off-limits, quando si ha a che fare con un fenomeno globale come l’acidificazione degli oceani intervenire è più difficile.
[Fonte: Stephanie C. Talmage And, Christopher J. Gobler. Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, September 20, 2010 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913804107]
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