L’auto senza pilota è più vicina. Google alla guida della nuova mobilità

di Redazione 53

auto senza pilota google car
Dopo più di un secolo di storia l’automobile si avvicina rapidamente ad un cambiamento radicale. Sono infatti sempre più numerosi i progetti di auto senza pilota capaci di trasportare autonomamente i passeggeri grazie ad una complessa convergenza di intelligenza artificiale, sensori e tecnologie smart. Dopo anni di studi e sperimentazioni, l’auto senza pilota sta rapidamente raggiungendo la maturità progettuale e potrebbe arrivare sul mercato in tempi tutto sommato molto brevi.

L’auto senza pilota secondo Google

Allo stato attuale Google è probabilmente l’azienda con studi più avanzati sull’auto senza pilota. Gli studi della società in questo campo sono iniziati nel 2009 con i primi test lungo le autostrade della California di una Toyota Prius modificata. Il progetto “Google self-driving car” ha poi visto l’introduzione nel 2012 di una Lexus RX450h modificata per la guida autonoma che ha percorso più di 300 mila miglia in autostrada contribuendo a raccogliere una grande mole di informazioni.

Il passaggio successivo per Google è stato quello di spostare l’obiettivo del progetto da una rete viaria con poche interazioni come l’autostrada ad una rete estremamente ricca di interazioni come la viabilità urbana. Per rispondere a questo scenario un nuovo prototipo di Google Car è stato progettato a partire da zero e nell’ottica della guida completamente automatica. I primi prototipi di questo nuovo veicolo sono in circolazione da più di un anno e sono la base di tutti i progetti futuri di Google in questo settore. L’intera flotta delle auto senza pilota sviluppate da Google ha già percorso più di un milione di miglia per le strade americane dimostrando una notevole affidabilità.

Come funziona una Google Car

La più recente delle Google Car si propone come pilastro di una nuova mobilità urbana rispettosa dell’ambiente. Su questo progetto convergono molte delle tecnologie che Google ha sviluppato in altri ambiti, dal geo-posizionamento alle mappe, dalla gestione dei sensori all’intelligenza artificiale. La Google Car è anzitutto in grado riconoscere la propria posizione rispetto alla rete stradale in modo da poter sempre definire un percorso tra un punto di origine ed una destinazione. Un complesso di sensori permette al sistema di bordo di riconoscere la presenza di altri elementi nell’intorno del veicolo inclusi edifici, veicoli, ciclisti, pedoni, elementi dell’arredo urbano e segnaletica stradale. Gli elementi individuati vengono classificati a seconda dei casi come statici o in movimento in modo da modellarne il comportamento nello spazio e nel tempo. L’intelligenza artificiale della Google Car si occupa infine di analizzare questo complesso di dati e decidere di volta in volta come comportarsi. I risultati di questo sistema sono a tratti sorprendenti con veicoli a guida automatica in grado di facilitare l’attraversamento dei pedoni, osservare le regole della circolazione e proteggere i passeggeri e gli altri utenti della strada.

Google non ha ha ancora ufficializzato una data per la commercializzazione delle nuove auto senza pilota sia perché esistono ancora dei problemi tecnici da risolvere, sia anche per la mancanza di un quadro normativo che consenta l’uso di questo genere di prodotti. Sono in molti tuttavia ad ipotizzare che già attorno al 2020 l’auto senza pilota possa essere una realtà e circolare sulle strade.

I nodi irrisolti dell’auto senza pilota

L’auto senza pilota sta attirando molte attenzioni anche tra i produttori tradizionali tanto che recenti rumors hanno accostato il nome di Ford a quello di Google per lo sviluppo di progetti congiunti. Numerosi sono anche gli indizi che suggeriscono un impegno nel settore da parte di Apple. In attesa di capire come evolveranno questi scenari, è però interessante osservare come siano i colossi dell’informatica a guidare la corsa verso l’auto senza pilota nel tentativo di conquistare una posizione di vantaggio in un settore che potrebbe diventare uno dei grandi business del prossimo futuro.

Non mancano tuttavia le incertezza su questa nuova era della mobilità personale, a cominciare ovviamente dalla sicurezza. Occorrerà infatti capire fino a che punto un’intelligenza artificiale sarà in grado di garantire la sicurezza della circolazione in un contesto reale con interazioni libere e a velocità comparabili con le automobili attuali. Senza considerare ovviamente che anche l’intera strutturare della assicurazioni auto dovrà essere riscritta in funzione di uno scenario in cui l’utilizzatore di un’auto potrebbe non avere più un ruolo attivo nelle manovre eseguite dal veicolo.

Resta inoltre in sospeso il tema del quadro normativo. Le Google Car sono state trattate finora come progetti sperimentali ed hanno potuto accumulare chilometri grazie alle norme di alcuni stati americani che ne hanno consentito i test di circolazione. In Italia e più in generale in Europa le norme sono per ora più stringenti ed anche la sperimentazione prosegue più lentamente. Si tratta di problemi destinati evidentemente a moltiplicarsi nel passaggio da un quadro sperimentale ad uno ordinario in cui le auto senza pilota dovranno convivere con quelle tradizionali condividendone la sede stradale, le aree di sosta e più in generale i rischi connessi alla circolazione. Insomma sul fronte normativo molte pagine dovranno ancora essere scritte prima che le auto a guida autonoma possano circolare liberamente sulle nostre strade.

La sicurezza informatica delle auto senza pilota

Chiunque abbia un computer o uno smartphone sa bene che questi dispositivi hanno costantemente bisogno di aggiornamento di sicurezza. L’informatica fin dalle sue origini si è dimostrata vulnerabile rispetto ad intrusioni esterne in grado di sfruttare le debolezze intrinseche di un sistema (si pensi ai virus informatici) o dell’utente che lo utilizza (si pensi allo spam). È quindi verosimile che questi stessi problemi possano riproporsi anche per le auto senza pilota il cui controllo verrà pur sempre affidato ad un computer, anche se particolarmente specializzato.

Si tratta di una questione molto complessa soprattutto per il diverso contesto in cui si opera. In una rete di computer un virus o una intrusione informatica possono generare danni solitamente limitati a dati e informazioni. Ma un analogo attacco rivolto ad una automobile circolante avrebbe evidentemente conseguenze potenzialmente molto superiori sulla sicurezza dei passeggeri e della collettività. La credibilità delle auto senza pilota si giocherà anche su questo fronte con i produttori che saranno chiamati a garantire un livello di sicurezza decisamente superiore a quello che fino ad oggi ha caratterizzato l’informatica di consumo.

Photo Credits | Google self-driving car

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